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&nbsp; &nbsp;Kotlin Coroutines are a powerful feature of the Kotlin programming language that allows for asynchronous and non-blocking programming. Coroutines are a lightweight alternative to threads, which can be more efficient and easier to use in certain scenarios.
A Coroutines is a computation that can be suspended and resumed later without blocking the thread that it is running on. This allows for concurrent execution of multiple Coroutines on a single thread, reducing the overhead of creating and managing multiple threads.
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Kotlin Coroutines are built on top of the suspend function feature of Kotlin. A suspend function is a function that can be paused and resumed later without blocking the calling thread. Coroutines can be launched using the launch function, which creates new Coroutines in a specified scope and runs it asynchronously.
Coroutines can also be used to implement various patterns, such as async/await, producer-consumer, and channels. Kotlin Coroutines also support cancellation and exception handling, making it easier to write robust and error-resistant code.
Overall, Kotlin Coroutines are a powerful tool for writing concurrent and asynchronous code in Kotlin, and they can greatly simplify complex programming tasks.
Some best practices for using Coroutines in Kotlin:
Prefer structured concurrency: Structured concurrency is a design pattern that helps to manage the lifecycle of Coroutines and ensures that they are properly canceled when they are no longer needed. Instead of launching coroutines using the GlobalScope, use a coroutine scope that is tied to a specific lifecycle, such as lifecycleScope or viewModelScope.
Use async for parallelism: Use the async function to perform parallel computations and retrieve results. This function returns a deferred object, which can be used to retrieve the result of the computation. When using async, make sure to call await() on the returned Deferred object to retrieve the result.
Use withContext to switch contexts: Use the withContext function to switch between different contexts, such as switching from the main thread to a background thread. This function suspends the current coroutine and resumes it on the specified context.
Prefer non-blocking operations: Use non-blocking operations, such as suspend functions, when performing I/O operations or accessing network resources. This ensures that the coroutine is not blocked while waiting for the operation to complete.
Use cancellation properly: Properly handle cancellation of coroutines by checking the isActive property or using a try/catch block with a CancellationException. Make sure to cancel child coroutines when the parent coroutine is cancelled.
Use channels for communication: Use channels to communicate between coroutines, especially when passing messages or sharing data between them. Channels provide a convenient and efficient way to communicate between coroutines.
Avoid using blocking code: Avoid using blocking code, such as Thread.sleep() or runBlocking(), as it can block the entire thread and affect the performance of other coroutines.
By following these best practices, you can write efficient and robust code using coroutines in Kotlin.

Kotlin Coroutines are a powerful feature of the Kotlin programming language.

Kotlin Coroutines

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The delegation pattern enables an object to use another “helper” object to provide data or perform a task.

Delegation Pattern in Swift

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Patterns
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A pattern represents the structure of a single value or a composite value. For example, the structure of a tuple (1, 2) is a comma-separated list of two elements. Because patterns represent the structure of a value rather than any one particular value, you can match them with a variety of values. For instance, the pattern (x, y) matches the tuple (1, 2) and any other two-element tuple. In addition to matching a pattern with a value, you can extract part or all of a composite value and bind each part to a constant or variable name.
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In Swift, there are two basic kinds of patterns: those that successfully match any kind of value, and those that may fail to match a specified value at runtime.
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The first kind of pattern is used for destructuring values in simple variable, constant, and optional bindings. These include wildcard patterns, identifier patterns, and any value binding or tuple patterns containing them. You can specify a type annotation for these patterns to constrain them to match only values of a certain type.
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The second kind of pattern is used for full pattern matching, where the values you&rsquo;re trying to match against may not be there at runtime. These include enumeration case patterns, optional patterns, expression patterns, and type-casting patterns. You use these patterns in a case label of a switch statement, a catch clause of a do statement, or in the case condition of an if, while, guard, or for-in statement.
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GRAMMAR OF A PATTERN
pattern &rarr; <a href="https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/ReferenceManual/Patterns.html#grammar_wildcard-pattern">wildcard-pattern</a> <a href="https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/ReferenceManual/Types.html#grammar_type-annotation">type-annotation</a> opt
pattern &rarr; <a href="https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/ReferenceManual/Patterns.html#grammar_identifier-pattern">identifier-pattern</a> <a href="https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/ReferenceManual/Types.html#grammar_type-annotation">type-annotation</a> opt
pattern &rarr; <a href="https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/ReferenceManual/Patterns.html#grammar_value-binding-pattern">value-binding-pattern</a>
pattern &rarr; <a href="https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/ReferenceManual/Patterns.html#grammar_tuple-pattern">tuple-pattern</a> <a href="https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/ReferenceManual/Types.html#grammar_type-annotation">type-annotation</a> opt
pattern &rarr; <a href="https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/ReferenceManual/Patterns.html#grammar_enum-case-pattern">enum-case-pattern</a>
pattern &rarr; <a href="https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/ReferenceManual/Patterns.html#grammar_optional-pattern">optional-pattern</a>
pattern &rarr; <a href="https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/ReferenceManual/Patterns.html#grammar_type-casting-pattern">type-casting-pattern</a>
pattern &rarr; <a href="https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/ReferenceManual/Patterns.html#grammar_expression-pattern">expression-pattern</a>
 
Wildcard Pattern
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A wildcard pattern matches and ignores any value and consists of an underscore (_). Use a wildcard pattern when you don&rsquo;t care about the values being matched against. For example, the following code iterates through the closed range 1...3, ignoring the current value of the range on each iteration of the loop:
&nbsp;
for _ in 1...3 {
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;// Do something three times.
}
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GRAMMAR OF A WILDCARD PATTERN
wildcard-pattern &rarr; _
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Identifier Pattern
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An identifier pattern matches any value and binds the matched value to a variable or constant name. For example, in the following constant declaration, someValue is an identifier pattern that matches the value 42 of type Int:
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let someValue = 42
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When the match succeeds, the value 42 is bound (assigned) to the constant name someValue.
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When the pattern on the left-hand side of a variable or constant declaration is an identifier pattern, the identifier pattern is implicitly a subpattern of a value-binding pattern.
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GRAMMAR OF AN IDENTIFIER PATTERN
identifier-pattern &rarr; <a href="https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/ReferenceManual/LexicalStructure.html#grammar_identifier">identifier</a>
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Value-Binding Pattern
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A value-binding pattern binds matched values to variable or constant names. Value-binding patterns that bind a matched value to the name of a constant begin with the let keyword; those that bind to the name of variable begin with the var keyword.
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Identifiers patterns within a value-binding pattern bind new named variables or constants to their matching values. For example, you can decompose the elements of a tuple and bind the value of each element to a corresponding identifier pattern.
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let point = (3, 2)
switch point {
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;// Bind x and y to the elements of point.
case let (x, y):
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;print("The point is at (\(x), \(y)).")
}
&nbsp;&nbsp;// Prints "The point is at (3, 2)."
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In the example above, let distributes to each identifier pattern in the tuple pattern (x, y). Because of this behavior, the switch cases case let (x, y): and case (let x, let y): match the same values.
value-binding-pattern &rarr; var <a href="https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/ReferenceManual/Patterns.html#grammar_pattern">pattern</a> | let <a href="https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/ReferenceManual/Patterns.html#grammar_pattern">pattern</a>
Tuple Pattern
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A tuple pattern is a comma-separated list of zero or more patterns, enclosed in parentheses. Tuple patterns match values of corresponding tuple types.
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You can constrain a tuple pattern to match certain kinds of tuple types by using type annotations. For example, the tuple pattern (x, y): (Int, Int) in the constant declaration let (x, y): (Int, Int) = (1, 2) matches only tuple types in which both elements are of type Int.
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When a tuple pattern is used as the pattern in a for-in statement or in a variable or constant declaration, it can contain only wildcard patterns, identifier patterns, optional patterns, or other tuple patterns that contain those. For example, the following code isn&rsquo;t valid because the element 0 in the tuple pattern (x, 0) is an expression pattern:
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let points = [(0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1), (2, 0), (2, 1)]
// This code isn't valid.
for (x, 0) in points {
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;/* ... */
}
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The parentheses around a tuple pattern that contains a single element have no effect. The pattern matches values of that single element&rsquo;s type. For example, the following are equivalent:
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let a = 2&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; // a: Int = 2
let (a) = 2&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; // a: Int = 2
let (a): Int = 2 // a: Int = 2
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tuple-pattern &rarr; ( <a href="https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/ReferenceManual/Patterns.html#grammar_tuple-pattern-element-list">tuple-pattern-element-list</a> opt )
tuple-pattern-element-list &rarr; <a href="https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/ReferenceManual/Patterns.html#grammar_tuple-pattern-element">tuple-pattern-element</a> | <a href="https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/ReferenceManual/Patterns.html#grammar_tuple-pattern-element">tuple-pattern-element</a> , <a href="https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/ReferenceManual/Patterns.html#grammar_tuple-pattern-element-list">tuple-pattern-element-list</a>
tuple-pattern-element &rarr; <a href="https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/ReferenceManual/Patterns.html#grammar_pattern">pattern</a> | <a href="https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/ReferenceManual/LexicalStructure.html#grammar_identifier">identifier</a> : <a href="https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/ReferenceManual/Patterns.html#grammar_pattern">pattern</a>
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Enumeration Case Pattern
An enumeration case pattern matches a case of an existing enumeration type. Enumeration case patterns appear in switch statement case labels and in the case conditions of if, while, guard, and for-in statements.
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If the enumeration case you&rsquo;re trying to match has any associated values, the corresponding enumeration case pattern must specify a tuple pattern that contains one element for each associated value. For an example that uses a switch statement to match enumeration cases containing associated values, see Associated Values.
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An enumeration case pattern also matches values of that case wrapped in an optional. This simplified syntax lets you omit an optional pattern. Note that, because Optional is implemented as an enumeration, .none and .some can appear in the same switch as the cases of the enumeration type.
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enum SomeEnum { case left, right }
let x: SomeEnum? = .left
switch x {
case .left:
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;print("Turn left")
case .right:
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;print("Turn right")
case nil:
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;print("Keep going straight")
}
// Prints "Turn left"
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GRAMMAR OF AN ENUMERATION CASE PATTERN
enum-case-pattern &rarr; <a href="https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/ReferenceManual/Types.html#grammar_type-identifier">type-identifier</a> opt . <a href="https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/ReferenceManual/Declarations.html#grammar_enum-case-name">enum-case-name</a> <a href="https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/ReferenceManual/Patterns.html#grammar_tuple-pattern">tuple-pattern</a> opt
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Optional Pattern
&nbsp;
An optional pattern matches values wrapped in a some(Wrapped) case of an Optional&lt;Wrapped&gt; enumeration. Optional patterns consist of an identifier pattern followed immediately by a question mark and appear in the same places as enumeration case patterns.
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Because optional patterns are syntactic sugar for Optional enumeration case patterns, the following are equivalent:
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let someOptional: Int? = 42
// Match using an enumeration case pattern.
if case .some(let x) = someOptional {
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;print(x)
}
// Match using an optional pattern.
if case let x? = someOptional {
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;print(x)
<ul>
<li dir="ltr" aria-level="1">
}
</li>
</ul>
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The optional pattern provides a convenient way to iterate over an array of optional values in a for-in statement, executing the body of the loop only for non-nil elements.
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let arrayOfOptionalInts: [Int?] = [nil, 2, 3, nil, 5]
// Match only non-nil values.
for case let number? in arrayOfOptionalInts {
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;print("Found a \(number)")
}
// Found a 2
// Found a 3
// Found a 5
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GRAMMAR OF AN OPTIONAL PATTERN
optional-pattern &rarr; <a href="https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/ReferenceManual/Patterns.html#grammar_identifier-pattern">identifier-pattern</a> ?
Type-Casting Patterns
There are two type-casting patterns, the is pattern and the as pattern. The is pattern appears only in switch statement case labels. The is and as patterns have the following form:
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is type
<ul>
<li dir="ltr" aria-level="1">
pattern as type
</li>
</ul>
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The is pattern matches a value if the type of that value at runtime is the same as the type specified in the right-hand side of the is pattern&mdash;or a subclass of that type. The is pattern behaves like the is operator in that they both perform a type cast but discard the returned type.
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The as pattern matches a value if the type of that value at runtime is the same as the type specified in the right-hand side of the as pattern&mdash;or a subclass of that type. If the match succeeds, the type of the matched value is cast to the pattern specified in the right-hand side of the as pattern.
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For an example that uses a switch statement to match values with is and as patterns, see &nbsp;<a href="https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/LanguageGuide/TypeCasting.html#ID342">Type Casting for Any and AnyObject</a>.
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GRAMMAR OF A TYPE CASTING PATTERN
type-casting-pattern &rarr; <a href="https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/ReferenceManual/Patterns.html#grammar_is-pattern">is-pattern</a> | <a href="https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/ReferenceManual/Patterns.html#grammar_as-pattern">as-pattern</a>
is-pattern &rarr; is <a href="https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/ReferenceManual/Types.html#grammar_type">type</a>
as-pattern &rarr; <a href="https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/ReferenceManual/Patterns.html#grammar_pattern">pattern</a> as <a href="https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/ReferenceManual/Types.html#grammar_type">type</a>
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Expression Pattern
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An expression pattern represents the value of an expression. Expression patterns appear only in switch statement case labels.
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The expression represented by the expression pattern is compared with the value of an input expression using the Swift standard library ~= operator. The matches succeeds if the ~= operator returns true. By default, the ~= operator compares two values of the same type using the == operator. It can also match a value with a range of values, by checking whether the value is contained within the range, as the following example shows.
&nbsp;
let point = (1, 2)
switch point {
case (0, 0):
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;print("(0, 0) is at the origin.")
case (-2...2, -2...2):
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;print("(\(point.0), \(point.1)) is near the origin.")
default:
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;print("The point is at (\(point.0), \(point.1)).")
}
<ul>
<li dir="ltr" aria-level="1">
// Prints "(1, 2) is near the origin."
</li>
</ul>
&nbsp;
You can overload the ~= operator to provide custom expression matching behavior. For example, you can rewrite the above example to compare the point expression with a string representations of points.
&nbsp;
// Overload the ~= operator to match a string with an integer.
func ~= (pattern: String, value: Int) -&gt; Bool {
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;return pattern == "\(value)"
}
switch point {
case ("0", "0"):
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;print("(0, 0) is at the origin.")
default:
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;print("The point is at (\(point.0), \(point.1)).")
}
// Prints "The point is at (1, 2)."
<ul>
<li dir="ltr" aria-level="1">
&nbsp;
</li>
</ul>
GRAMMAR OF AN EXPRESSION PATTERN
expression-pattern &rarr; <a href="https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/ReferenceManual/Expressions.html#grammar_expression">expression</a>
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References&nbsp;
<a href="https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/ReferenceManual/Patterns.html">https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/ReferenceManual/Patterns.html</a>
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A pattern represents the structure of a single value or a composite value. 

Patterns

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